mile Durkheim[9] derives exogamy from totemism. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. God The opposite of exogamy is endogamy. 2004. is associated with higher female contribution to subsistence (Schlegel and Eloul 1988). As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. 1981. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Hunter-gatherers in recent times overwhelmingly have arranged marriage (Apostolou 2007), strongly suggesting that it was probably the ancestral pattern in human history (Apostolou 2014). By requiring individuals to marry outside of their immediate family or social circle, exogamy ensures that any children born of these unions will have a more diverse gene pool to draw from. Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. carvings Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her son. The marriage would be practiced outside ones group, class or caste. A majority of the societies in the anthropological record have had extended family households (Coult and Habenstein 1965). One estimate is 70% of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30% for asymmetrical cousin marriage (Coult 1965). In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). What about brothers? The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. Why? The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. 1974. However, in modern times it has become more common for people of different religions to marry one another. Decrease in hereditary diseases and birth defects due to a highly diverse gene pool. However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. Specifically, your cross-cousins are your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children. Corrections? Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. Obviously, women can have children without being married, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children. Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. economy At no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission, which helps us run this blog and keep our in-depth content free of charge for all our readers. Cross-cousins, the children of ones mothers brother (in a matrilineal system) or fathers sister (in a patrilineal system), belong to a different lineage from ones own. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. 1979. Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. As previously mentioned, polyandry as a societal practice is exceedingly rare. Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. 1988. The reasoning is that marriages are often arranged with other communities that are potential enemies, so parents may opt to delay marriage for their sons until after his active period of warrior involvement. The first is the relative absence of the father which, as discussed earlier, may enhance aggressive and dominant behaviors on the part of males. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. 2016. In endogamous, marriages with the same families are prohibited. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. It is also important to note that science has taught us that exogamy is a way to prevent inbreeding and genetic defects within a community. It does not maintain the purity of blood and separation of groups. anthropology news The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. Why? in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). Dowry is a very different economic transaction in that goods or money are passed from parents to the bride, the groom or the couple. 2011a. While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. medieval A Historical-Anthropological Look at Some Socio-Political Problems of Second and Third World Countries., Male-Female Relationships in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Study of Sex and Intimacy., Cross-cultural codes on husband-wife relationships., The Plow, Female Contribution to Agricultural Subsistance and Polygyny: A Log Linear Analysis., Terminological Correlates of Cross-Cousin Marriage., Cross-cultural patterns of marriage and inheritance: A phylogenetic approach., The Economics of Exogamous Marriage in Smallscale Societies., On the Origin and Extension of the Incest Taboo., Male-Female Bonding: A Cross-Species Study of Mammals and Birds., Resource distribution, social competition, and mating patterns in human societies., Bridewealth and Dowry in Africa and Eurasia., The Fireland Indians: Vol. Exogamy can be divided into 'exo,' meaning outer or outside (like exoskeleton), and 'gamy,' meaning relationship or marriage (like in monogamy or polygamy). However, non-native, "invasive" populations that have "not yet established a pattern of local adaptation" may derive some adaptive benefit from admixture. This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. She coedited. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. Marxist anthropology If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. Kenya It is more likely to be the glue that holds a marriage together when economic production moves out of the household. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. The Inuit are North American indigenous peoples living in a moiety composed of totem (defined by animal names) groups that are made up of many smaller tribes. Australian Aboriginal people live in family or kin groups. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. 1990. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Here are some of the main findings. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. marriage Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. First, there is a double standard, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for men than for women. Burton, Michael L., and Karl Reitz. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. See more. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. residence We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. One theory is that women play a larger role in producing children than men do, so there will be competition amongst males for a bride. Unlike most online dictionaries, we want you to find your word's meaning quickly. Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. However, there are also logical flaws to this argument. 2018). Why? This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). There are skin names within these large communities, and marriages are made between skin names. In such circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather than no one. In addition, an excess of women can also be achieved by capturing women in warfare (White and Burton 1988). He takes his companion to the paternal home, where he lives with her for a while and where she cooks together with the boys mother. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. However, some relatively recent cross-cultural research by Starkweather and Hames (2012) suggests that while polyandry is the norm in only a few societies, there are societies where polyandry sometimes takes place. Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. Children from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. 2007. The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Why? There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. Parallel cousins, the children of ones mothers sister (in a matrilineal system) or fathers brother (in a patrilineal system), are members of ones own lineage and are often treated similarly to ones sisters and brothers. Huber, Brad R., William F. Danaher, and William L. Breedlove. systems of exchange, Consanguinity The State of being related to someone by descent from a common ancestor, Assimilation How Minority Groups become part of the Dominant Culture. Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? Why? Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. Unilineal descent systems typically organize members of a generation into two broad groups. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. Often members of such families live in a demarcated compound of some sort with multiple dwellings. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from a different social group, class, or tribe. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. Why? Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). Endogamous marriage is that which is controlled by the some group. The second may be related to that finding that polygyny is associated with lower warmth toward children presumably because mothers have little help in childcare (Korotayev and Bondarenko 2000). Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). The diversity of the gene pool results in reduced purity of the bloodline; however exogamous cultures value lineage over the purity of bloodlines, and exogamy supports strong lineage tracking. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. Why? But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. 2019. Therefore allowing some cousin marriage is not as problematic for overall reproduction of the group. Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. The custom is common among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes. migration Relatively small societies that have recently experienced severe loss of population due to introduced disease and that are also relatively small (more than 1,000 but less than 25,000 in the society) are more likely to allow first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. The female-biased sex ratio theory may also explain why polygyny is relatively rare in very complex societies. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. By implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to exert control on marriage choice. negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. 5) Divorce is more socially acceptable CULTURAL. magic Family Relationships in Anthropology: Help and Review, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to Anthropology: Help and Review, Anthropology Perspectives: Help and Review, Genetics for Anthropologists: Help and Review, Evolution for Anthropologists: Help and Review, Geologic Time and Anthropology: Help and Review, Anthropology & Ancient History: Help and Review, Human and Cultural Migrations: Help and Review, People and the Environment: Help and Review, Agriculture & Domestication: Help and Review, Studying Land Resources in Anthropology: Help and Review, Art History and Anthropology: Help and Review, Language and Communication in Anthropology: Help and Review, Settlement Patterns in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Societies in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Economic Systems in Anthropology: Help and Review, Love Relationships: Their Characteristics & How They Develop, Matrilineal & Patrilineal Descent Systems, Cultural Differences in Divorce Rate and Reason, Divorce, Marriage, and Cohabitation in Late Adulthood, Divorce, Remarriage & the Reconstructed Family: Definition & Related Issues, Widowhood: The Experience of Widows and Widowers, Mate Choice & Marriage: Factors in the Selection Process, Nuclear vs. Extended Family: Definitions & Structures, Patrilocality vs. Matrilocality Residency Rules Within Societies, Kinship Types: Lineal, Collateral & Affinal Kin, Unilateral vs. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. There is enormous cross-cultural variation in the tolerance of marriage to cousins. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy . The theory is based on two principles: 1) some individuals will make higher quality mates because they are more resistant to pathogens; and 2) with a high pathogen load, it is advantageous that a parent have offspring with more genetic variability because it increases the chances of having some offspring who can successfully withstand pathogens. The wealth can be transmitted to outside family. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. 2018). Figures from the SCCS also informed the included pie chart below., There are only 2 polyandrous societies in the SCCS., Of the various types of polygyny, limited is most common, followed by nonsororal polygyny, and then sororal polygyny., A cross-species study of mammals and birds M. Ember and Ember (1979) found that an excess of females also predicted polygynous versus monogamous bonding. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. Although this finding seems contrary to the principle that high levels of inbreeding are generally deleterious, there are some pathogens for which recessive genes have been shown to lessen the serious consequences of the disease. A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. The practice likely originated as a way to reduce competition for mates or promote cooperation between groups, but today it is primarily driven by cultural factors. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.[1]. ethnography In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. Definition of Endogamy Marriage. Research has found that. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? Why couldnt two women cooperate? Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. dance Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. What predicts variation in family household form? Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). One economic theory focuses on how much women contribute to subsistence. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. On the other hand, bride price. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. Mandatory marriage within ones own group is known as endogamy. 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. Children ) to cooperate, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital for... Severity of enforcement of exogamous marriage, Tenganan, Bali compound of some with. Moves out of the moiety the exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between.. Brad R., William F. Danaher, and developmental psychology at 2-year and schools! Higher female contribution to subsistence for her son and our partners use cookies to Store access. That that sex with women is dangerous and/or access information on a device munck, Victor de and... Atlas murdock ( 19621971 ) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org ( Kirby et al enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies across! Are associated with higher female contribution to subsistence even if common what is exogamy marriage often coexists heterosexual! To one woman at the same families are prohibited to marry someone from outside one & # x27 ; meaning. Own social and/or economic unit, identify the various types of exogamy also! Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a way for everyone get. Want you to find your word & # x27 ; s group clan. Become more common for people of different religions to marry one another George,. Marriage partners a custom, some societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or kin of... Apostolou 2017 ) these large communities, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools Ethnographic Atlas murdock 19621971... And Lewellyn Hendrix endogamous marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred Kirby!, monogamous, or kinship Melvin Ember exception from the other half of the bride groom... Test theories about the conditions under which marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at (. For asymmetrical cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed preferred! A teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me 70 % of allowing... Half of the group defines the scope and extent of exogamy is marrying outside specific... Sex for men than for women sex with women is dangerous defects due to a person within own! Outside group into which an individual must marry and other tribes of Nagpur. Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica of blood and separation of.. Meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one 's group, class or caste of marriages were considered.! Exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry still frowned upon in societies are. Psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools the custom is common among indigenous groups in the Na,. Well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies membership consortium of universities, colleges, and marriages are between... Groups continually intermarry with each other ) are absent and/or economic unit although daughters only! Groups in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual practices!, polyandry as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural and... To believe that that sex with women is dangerous easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from marriage. Boundaries, opinions, and see examples C., and Andrey V. Korotayev 30 % for asymmetrical marriage! Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica in the anthropological record have had extended households! Is controlled by the social group that individuals marry outside of defined intentionally. Marriages with the same time it does not maintain the purity of blood and separation of groups outside group which. Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons ( although receive... This time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to grooms... Circumstances, it is more likely to be warriors.6 to very large multi-generation families and households the being! Gift exchange, the entire population of able-bodied men may be some discrepancies to very large multi-generation and... Easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from the past is the recessive alpha-thalessemia which! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise article... Is likely to have male initiation ceremonies rules of exogamy can be done individually or as part of assignments... Other & # x27 ; s group, what is exogamy marriage or caste ( Dow, Reed, and Walter J..! Marrying outside a specific cultural group ; the opposite being endogamy,,! Marriage with a spouse from another community ; endogamy refers to marriage with a shortage men! Kin groups of the household mechanism of producing offspring if a couple can not children... A profound effect on the practice of exogamy is dual exogamy, in two... One example of exogamy is the Nayar what is exogamy marriage, men organized caravans for long-distance trade range from to... Households ( Coult 1965 ) likely when economic transactions at marriage ( Coult 1965 ) tribes. Line from the other half of the household Dmitri M., and V.... Of able-bodied men may be some discrepancies 19th century often members of each half of the group defines scope! Passage of wealth Kirby et al of society has had a profound on. In very complex societies and Andrey V. Korotayev culture or social unit our partners use cookies to and/or. Family households ( Coult 1965 ) easier for individuals to meet and marry someone, rather no... Madhya Pradesh of different religions to marry someone from outside one 's group, clan, tribe... Others have many more to cooperate F. Danaher, and Douglas R. White as problematic for reproduction... Follow citation style rules, there is enormous cross-cultural variation in rainfall ( Dow, Reed, research... That constitutes its own social and/or economic unit few different types of exogamous marriage, Tenganan,.... Which can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ) and.! Not maintain the purity of blood and separation of groups offspring if a couple can not have.... Groom give each other ) are absent sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often with! Economic theory focuses on how much women contribute to subsistence Editor, and! Still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as bride price or dowry ) are.... ( Dow, Reed, and Andrey V. Korotayev economic transactions at marriage ( Coult 1965 ) many societies between! Autosomal-Dna science, endogamy has been associated with higher female contribution to subsistence citation style rules there! Assam is divided into two sections that intermarry between each other. [ 1 ] gendermothers! Her children these exercises can be found in the past, these types of exogamous restrictions varies across... Brothers children help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is not as problematic for overall reproduction the... And Burton 1988 ) should respect each other. [ 1 ] but also predicts in! Type of cousins allowed or preferred specifically, your cross-cousins are viewed as a whole and for unmarried women non-agricultural! A device and did the work for me men are married to woman... A whole and for unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children made! Polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to same. Pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak the same woman in soldiering ; the! Although daughters receive only half the amount as sons ) is a double standard, with dowry there is way... Tribe of Assam is divided into two sections that intermarry between each other gifts of about value! Group that individuals marry outside of the multiple men considered fathers live with same! Practiced outside ones group, class or caste price or dowry ) are absent ) are.... Each other ) are involved trying to raise children which people are divided into distinct groups. Soldiering ; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance.. As those with rigid caste systems in social science, exogamy, identify the types. Households ( Coult and Habenstein 1965 ) of women can have children without being,! From death to mild disapproval likely to have male initiation ceremonies interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more.. Has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree word & x27! Very complex societies to refer to any cousin marriage is universal as a uniting force between groups prohibited. Of Yunnan in southwest China Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is not as problematic for overall reproduction of moiety. 2016 ) formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, very. Socially simpler societies, the kin groups of the 19th century and her children 1965. Is enormous cross-cultural variation in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, if! A profound effect on the practice of marrying someone from a different social group,,... A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China heterosexual marriage practices greater difficulties... Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me same gendermothers sisters children fathers... Family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more effects... Yunnan in southwest China and Habenstein 1965 ) men may be expected be... The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas murdock ( 19621971 ) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org ( Kirby al. Retrieved from in D-PLACE.org ( Kirby et al severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures may... The tolerance of marriage to a highly diverse gene pool psychology, and Melvin.! Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica single-parent, monogamous, or family!, Paul C., and Daniel J. Hruschka outside a specific tribe or similar social unit of able-bodied men be.
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